Quantum computing for smarter energy distribution

STFC Hartree® Centre worked with European electricity provider E.ON and IBM to research how quantum computing could accelerate the development of decentralised energy grids through the Hartree National Centre for Digital Innovation (HNCDI).

Challenge

As the UK shifts its focus towards the generation of sustainable energy, the traditional model of our centralised energy grid is shifting too. Instead of having large power stations distributing power, generation and distribution is becoming more localised. This change offers flexibility and reduces pressure and reliance on central infrastructure, however it is significantly more complex to organise. A dynamic network of localised generators and consumers would require frequent transactions in a concept known as Peer-2-Peer energy trading. The number of potential energy-sharing transactions grows significantly as the system size increases, and determining the right ones to execute simultaneously to fulfil local energy balance is extremely complex using classical computers. So, how can we create a responsive, decentralised system that matches energy sources to energy demands across a dynamic network effectively and efficiently?

Approach

We partnered with E.ON and IBM, to explore the feasibility of applying quantum computing to this challenge. Our HNCDI team first used a modified classical algorithm to find optimised energy source and demand pairings. Designed to minimise the number of configurations and therefore limit the number of simultaneous Peer-2-Peer local energy network transactions, the algorithm effictively balances local energy supply and demand. To investigate how this could be further optimised with quantum computing, the team implemented subprocess quantum algorithms which were found to result on average in either shorter or more accurate sequences.

Benefits

A responsive decentralised grid would transform our sustainability efforts by dramatically reducing waste, lowering emissions and unlocking new efficiencies in the transition to net zero. In the short term, this decentralised approach would minimise energy loss during transmission, optimise renewable energy utilisation, and reduce pressure on central infrastructure during demand surges. Long term, this foundation enables a complete shift from rigid centralised systems to intelligent, adaptive networks that maximise energy efficiency while building national resilience. Ultimately, this approach advances sustainable infrastructure innovation, supporting economic growth while achieving net zero targets.

“Working with the Hartree Centre was an absolute privilege. They brought deep quantum expertise to this project in a very exciting way. The end result was a novel quantum approach to solve a real world challenge.”

Dr Corey O’Meara, Chief Quantum Scientist, E.ON

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